Addax

Species: Addax
Habitat: Sahara Desert
Status: Critically Endangered
DAK Locale: Kilimanjaro Safari

Addax are hearty animals living in the nearly barren desert of northern Africa. They are well adapted to that environment. Their beautiful fur is light, reflecting the scorching sun. Their hooves are widely splayed to make it much easier to traverse the sandy landscape. They can survive without free water almost indefinitely, getting their water directly from the plant life they eat.

Pregnancy lasts nine months, usually with the mother giving birth to a single calf. At first, the newborns lie in the sparse vegetation of the desert (which is what the adult animals eat). The newborn will come out periodically only to nurse until it is big and strong enough to follow its mother. The herd is typically between 5 to 20 animals.

In the wild, the addax is virtually extinct. It is likely there are less than 200 animals in its former range, where in the 1800s it was quite plentiful. The massive decline is mostly due to over hunting. Leather from its hide was highly regarded. It is now considered critically endangered.

Nyala

Species: Nyala
Habitat:Lowlands of Southern Africa
Status: Least Concern
DAK Locale: Kilimanjaro Safari

The nyala is a common species of antelope in southeastern Africa. There it eats fruits, flowers, and trees. During the rainy season, the animal eats mostly grasses. They feed mostly at night or early in the morning. During the heat of the day, they will rest in the shaded thick bush.

Nyala are a good example of sexual dimorphism. That is, the males and females look much different. Females are a chestnut color while the male is a greyish, brown with spiraling horns. They are also much larger. They live in small groups but will mix with other species such as the impala and kudu for protection. The more animals there are together the more likely a hunter will be spotted. The major predators are, of course, hunting dogs, leopards and lions.

Currently, there appears to be about 35,000 nyala throughout their range. Fortunately, about three quarters of the population lies within national parks and reserves. Hunting, habitat loss and agriculture still pose a threat to the long term survival of the species but it is currently listed as Least Concern.

Blue-throated Macaw

Species: Blue-throated Macaw
Habitat: Savanna of Bolivia
Status: Critically Endangered
DAK Locale: Winged Encounters

The Blue-throated macaw has a limited range. It is found only in North central Bolivia. There, small clusters of palm trees dot the savanna landscape. In these clusters lives this species of macaw. These birds not only roost in these trees but also eat the palm's fruit, which make up a large portion of its diet. Other species of macaws as well as woodpeckers, toucans, and barn owls compete with the blue-throated macaw for space to nest.

This species of macaws are most commonly found in pairs. However, they will occasionally congregate in larger groups. Even still, the birds mate for life. In fact, it is unknown if they will find another mate if their current one dies.

Recent studies show only 350 to 400 individuals left in the wild, making the species Critically Endangered. The biggest culprit of their demise has been the pet trade, much like all macaw and parrot species. However, the blue-throated variety does have the added problem of having a naturally limited range. Fortunately, they do well in captivity and there are over 1000 birds in zoos and other facilities.

Pink Backed Pelican

Species: Pink Backed Pelican
Habitat: African lakes, rivers, estuaries
Status: Least Concern
DAK Locale: Kilimanjaro Safari

The pink-backed pelican is actually rather small in the pelican world. Its name is derived from the pinkish hue on, not surprisingly, its back. Its also well known for its bouffant of feathers on top of its head. This grows only during breeding season.

Its found throughout Africa in its lakes, rivers and swamps. It will nest in colonies in trees, typically mangroves. One tree will sometimes have multiple nests close together. Pairs bond for one season.

This species is widespread throughout the continent, and as such is listed as of "Least Concern." However, in areas, the population is in trouble, especially in South Africa. It's also now extinct in Madagascar. As it lives near water, that can often mean conflict with humans, who also tend to live in those areas.

Four-striped Grass Mouse

Species: Four striped grass mouse
Habitat: African savanna and desert
Status: Least Concern
DAK Locale: Pangani Forest Trail.

Found in the research station of the Pangani Forest Exploration trail is this unassuming little mouse. It is found throughout throughout the southern half of the continent going as far north as the Congo.  It is numerous enough to be listed as of Least Concern. They are relatively small, just slightly larger than a house mouse. The name, of course, is self explanatory, having four striped on its back.

Unlike many rodents, these guys are diurnal being mostly active in the mornings and early evening. Living in dry conditions, they have adapted to survive without water, as long as their food has about 15% water consistency. The food is typically seeds, vegetation and even insects.

 They are seasonal breeders being reproductive from spring to autumn. After less than a month gestation, the mother will give birth to approximately 5 young. They will begin to eat solid food in about 10 days and be fully weaned in just over two weeks.

Hyacinth Macaw

Species: Hyacinth Macaw
Habitat: Swamps and Woodlands of S. America
Status: Vulnerable
DAK Locale: Winged Encounters, Flights of Wonder

The hyacinth macaw is native to eastern South America, in Bolivia, Paraguay, and Brazil. It avoids dense jungle but is found in swamps and more open woodlands. In some parts of its range, its even found in open grasslands. Nesting- typically from July to December- occurs on cliff faces or in tree cavities. Clutches are usually one perhaps two eggs, where incubation lasts about a month. It feeds mostly on nuts.

The hyacinth is the largest of the macaws and the largest flying parrot. Only the kakapo, a flightless parrot from New Zealand, is larger. Its feathers are almost entirely blue, although it can be a touch grey in spots. The blue is contrasted sharply by the yellow skin around the mouth and eyes.

This species has been known to use tools. More specifically, it will take a chewed leaf into its mouth to help keep the nut in place as it tries to break it.

This species is currently listed as vulnerable. The biggest issues, like with all macaws, are the pet trade and habitat loss. It is estimated that over 10,000 of these birds were captured in the 1980s alone for the trade. Habitat loss is mostly contributed to farms.

Bar-headed goose

Species: Bar-headed goose
Habitat: Central Asian lakes
Status: Least concern
DAK Locale: Maharajah Jungle trek

This water fowl spends the summer in the mountain lakes of Central Asia including Mongolia and Russia. It will winter in South Asia, crossing the Himalayan mountains in the process. As such, it is one of the highest flying birds having been reportedly spotted above Mount Everest - I don't know if they avoid the Forbidden Mountain though. Many of the migrant birds do tend to stick to lower valleys in their journey, however.

The goose is a ground nester. They have large colonies at various places in Indochina where they tend to prefer cultivated fields. Here, more dominant female birds get the better sites. However, those females lower on the pecking order (get it) will sometimes lay their eggs in the more dominant bird's nest.

The bird is popular in zoos due mostly to its beauty. Its pale grey and white feathers are a stark contrast to the bands of black on its neck and face. Also, it does very well with other birds in a mixed species exhibit.  It is, however, doing relatively well from a conservation standpoint being listed as of "Least Concern."

Paroon Shark-Catfish

Species: Paroon Shark-Catfish
Habitat: River basins in Southeast Asia
Status: Critically endangered
DAK Locale: Discovery Island Trails

This large fish is a member of the shark-catfish family. It is not a shark. Instead, its name comes from the shark-like dorsal fin on the top of its body. Otherwise, it doesn't really resemble a shark at all, although it is a massive fish. It has been known to grow over 7 feet in length and can weigh over 600 pounds.

It is found only in 2 river basins: the lower Mekong in Indochina and the Chao Phraya in Thailand. In his habitat, it feeds mostly on crustaceans and smaller fish. It is migratory and will spawn just before the monsoon season which begins in July.

Due mostly to overfishing, the species is considered critically endangered. Scientists estimate the population has declined 99% over the last 50 plus years. Locally, it is a popular food and is often found in the market. Indeed, the activity of actually fishing for the animal carried religious significance in some areas. It is also harvested for the aquarium trade which has contributed to its rapid decline in the wild.

Black Tree Monitor

Species: Black Tree Monitor
Habitat: Aru Islands Forests
Status: Vulnerable
DAK Locale: Rafiki's Planet Watch

The black tree monitor, named for its black scales, is found only in the forests and swamps of the Aru Islands off New Guinea in Indonesia. For some time, it was considered a subspecies of the closely related Emerald Tree Monitor. However, since 1991 it has been considered its own species.

At birth, the lizard is a dark grey with yellow-green spots on its back. The scales gradually turn black and the spots fade. Generally, they can be large as about four feet with males being bigger than females. The tails are long - about two-thirds the size of the body. Its prehensile and helps with its tree dwelling life. The feet have large claws and adhesive pads for helping climb and live in trees.  They are carnivorous eating other lizards, small mammals, and insects.

The species is vulnerable due to its very limited range and habitat loss. It is also popular in the pet trade with most animals being wildly caught instead of born in captivity.

Green Poison Dart Frog

Species: Green Poison Dart Frog
Habitat: Rainforests of Central America
Status: Least Concern
DAK Locale: Rafiki's Planet Watch

This species of poison dart frog is one of the most variable. It comes in numerous different patterns although always with green and black coloration. It is also sometimes called the green and black poison arrow frog, or the mint poison frog. The name poison dart comes from the use of its powerful poison by the native people in darts and arrows. Just a small amount of its secretion will make a full grown human ill.

They are arboreal. Their toes have sucker like discs to help grip trees. They eat, sleep, and court in trees. It is, however, not a good jumper.

Like all poison dart frogs, the species gathers in large groups before mating, bickering for territory. Males make out small clearings for themselves with females wandering through. Males will try to impress females with their singing which sounds similar to bird calls.

Although they are quite popular in the pet trade, mostly due to their small size and intricate color patterns, they are not endangered.

Thompson's Gazelle

Species: Thompson's Gazelle
Habitat: African Savanna
Status: Near Threatened
DAK Locale: Pembe/Sunset Savannas at AKL

Because it is one of the more common animals seen on the famous Serengeti, this gazelle is perhaps one of the most well known. The Thompson's gazelles, or tommies as Warden Wilson and many others call them, are small, light brown animals, with a black stripe along its side. Their horns are short and slender, though the males are distinctly longer than the females.

They are common prey for many of the areas predators including hyenas, leopards, pythons and crocodiles. Even eagles will take young. They are a staple of the cheetah's diet due to their relatively small size. Unlike bigger antelope, they don't typically stand their ground. Thankfully, they are fast, real fast: hitting 50 to 60 miles per hour. They also run in zigzag patterns in an effort to lose the hunter. A cheetah chasing a tommie is truly a sight to behold on a safari. The cheetah can actually run faster, but the zigzagging and better stamina evens the odds.

Tommies are mixed feeders. In the wet season, they eat mostly grass, but at dry times they tend to focus on browse for food. They tend to follow bigger herbivores like wildebeest and zebra. This is for two reasons. First, those animals are higher up and can see better over the tall grass to find lions and leopards. Secondly, they allow the bigger animals to mow down the taller grass to get at the shorter grass below.

The gazelle is territorial, at least the males. Female groups migrate through territories, and the male with the better food supplies, get more females into their area. If a bachelor comes into his territory, they will get chased off or have to fight. In keeping his territorial boundaries, males use their horns for marking and they also have a gland that they rub on trees and the like.

There are an estimated 550,000 Thompson's gazelles in the wild. It is likely the most numerous gazelle in all of East Africa. However, since the mid 1970s, its population has declined about 60%. For that reason, it is currently listed as Near Threatened. The decline is due mostly habitat destruction, fire, and road development.

Radiated Tortoise

Species: Radiated Tortoise
Habitat: Dry Regions of Madagascar
Status: Critically Endangered
DAK Locale: Kidani Village

The radiated tortoise is native to the dry scrub lands and forests of southern Madagascar. It is found in other parts of the island but not nearly in the same numbers. Its also been introduced to some other nearby islands. One of the favorite meals is the cacti species that grow in the area but they will also eat fruits.

The tortoise has a distinctive carapace with brilliantly marked yellow lines. The yellow lines seem to "radiate" from the center of each plate of the shell, hence the name. There is sexual dimorphism as the males have longer tails and a more notable notch beneath the tail, as well.

Thanks to habitat loss this animal is critically endangered. The pet trade and even hunting for food have not helped the matter. It is strictly protected but laws are not easily upheld as the country is quite poor. The radiated tortoise is part of an SSP (Species Survival Program) as zoos from this country including the Animal Kingdom, are doing their best to encourage a captive breeding program to keep the animal from extinction.

Puerto Rican Boa

Species: Puerto Rican Boa
Habitat: Rain forest of Puerto Rico
Status: Endangered
DAK Locale: Rafiki's Planet Watch

The Puerto Rican boa is a terrestrial snake native exclusively to the island of Puerto Rico. It is one of the rainbow boas of the New World and, as such, is a true boa. It grows to 6 to 9 feet.

It feeds on birds, mammals and reptiles. Like all boas, it kills its prey by coiling around the potential meal. It continues to squeeze until suffocating the victim. The meal is then swallowed head first. This species of boa prefers caves. Thus, bats make up a large portion of the diet.

The species has been effected by the introduction of the mongoose to the island's habitat. At the beginning of the last century, the boa was nearly wiped out. It was also hunted and the loss of its forest have also contributed to its decline. However, due to protective measures, it has begun to recover.

Pancake Tortoise

Species: Pancake Tortoise
Habitat: Scrubs/Savanna of East Africa
Status: Vulnerable
DAK Locale: Pangani Forest Trail

This tortoise has a very flat and flexible shell which make it look like a pancake. It lives in the rocky outcroppings of Tanzania and Kenya. The shell allows it to squeeze in amongst the rocks for shelter from both predators and the heat of the sun. It is native to southern Kenya and northern Tanzania, but there is also an introduced population in Zimbabwe.

The animal lives in isolated colonies amongst the kopjes of its home. These rocky outcroppings are similar to the lion exhibit of the Kilimanjaro Safaris and dot the landscape of the east African. Males will fight over females during the breeding season which is typically in January and February. Females lay one egg in a sand nest near the colony which is a slow reproductive rate for tortoises and contributes to it being listed as a Vulnerable species.

The pancake tortoise is surprisingly fast and get back to its crevice to avoid potential predators. Their flexible shell allows them to move deep into the kopje. They are most active in the early morning and early evening hours to avoid the heat of the sun. Their diet is mostly grass and other vegetation.

The unusual appearance of the animal makes it popular not just in zoos but also private collections. That along with habitat destruction has left the animal vulnerable to being endangered according to the IUCN. Both countries where it lives, however, are taking action to help their populations. It is illegal to export them from Kenya and Tanzania is actively protecting them including within the confines of its world renowned Serengeti National Park.

Hamerkop

Species: Hamerkop
Habitat: Wetlands throughout Africa, Madagascar and the Middle East
Status: Least Concern
DAK Locale: Pangani Forest Trail

The Hamerkop or Hammerkop is a wading bird found all throughout the continent of Africa including the island of Madagascar and Arabia. The shape of its head is very reminiscent of a hammer and gives this birds its name. It is quite unique being the only member of its family, although it is generally thought the bird is somewhat related to pelicans.

One feature of this bird's behavior is the forming of "ceremonies." Groups of up to 10 birds gather and form circles calling loudly. They will also raise their crests and flutter their wings during this ritual. They are also known for their huge nests, which often can support the weight of a man. Not only that, but they are compulsive builders, building 3 to 5 nests every year whether they are breeding or not. Many animals from owls to snakes use these nests when abandoned.

They tend to feed during the day and roost at night. When feeding, they tend to be alone or in pairs. They eat mostly amphibians but also insects and fish. They will silently wade into water and hunt using their feet to flush out potential prey.

These widespread birds are the source of different legends often focused on the huge nests. In one culture, it is believed lightning is formed whenever anything tries to steal a hammerkop's nest. In Madagascar, it is felt that one contracts leprosy if they disturb a nest.

Victoria Crowned Pigeon

Species: Victoria Crowned Pigeon
Habitat: Swamps and Jungles of New Guinea
Status: Vulnerable
DAK Locale: Maharajah Jungle Trek

The Victoria Crowned Pigeon is a very distinctive looking bird. It is a ground dwelling animal that is quite large and grayish blue. It has lace like feathers crowning its head. It also has a very unique call, as it makes booming whooping noises heard in its jungle home. It is named after the British monarch, Queen Victoria.

Its feathered crest has white tips. The chest has a deep purple coloration and there are bands under the wings. This is the largest of the crowned pigeon species, all of which are ground birds that inhabit New Guinea which is known for the uniqueness of its bird species. These birds live in the wet jungles and swamps of northern New Guinea and the surrounding islands. They live pairs or small groups traveling the forest floor in search of fallen fruit, its primary food source. They tend to travel at a slow pace. When threatened they fly straight up into the canopy and wait for the danger to pass.

The species is listed as vulnerable, although it is quite popular in captivity due to its beauty. The biggest threat is habitat loss as the forest continues to be logged. It is also extremely tame and unafraid of humans which makes it easily hunted for food as well as for its distinctive feathers.

Ornate Spiny Tailed Lizard

Species: Ornate Spiny Tailed Lizard
Habitat: Deserts of Africa
Status: Least Concern
DAK Locale: Pangani Forest Trail

This medium sized lizard has a stubby body and short powerful legs. There are a row of spiky scales on the tail, hence it name. Of all the spiny tailed lizards, this species has the largest tail. This species also varies greatly in color, with some being more "ornate" than others. The male is generally more colorful than females. Most have yellow spots or yellowish cross bands on the back.

This species eats mostly leaves, seeds and flowers, although it supplements that with an occasional invertebrate. It is active during the day, basking in the sun to give it energy to eat. They live in small groups of one male and several females. Males will sometimes turn females on to their backs and then walk over her abdomen. The reason for this strange ritual is unknown. Typically, females lay up to 15 eggs in June, which then hatch about two months later. Four days after hatching, the young leave the nest.

The species is found in the northeastern Africa as well as the Middle East. It thrives in the desert where it finds shelter among rock crevices. Its considered to be of "Least Concern" especially in Africa. There are local populations especially in the Middle East where they are low in numbers.

to contact Safari Mike use Twitter: @JamboEveryone

Brazilian Salmon Tarantula

Species: Brazilian Salmon Tarantula
Habitat: Rainforest floor
Status: Unknown
DAK Locale: Rafiki's Planet Watch

The Brazilian salmon tarantula is also called the salmon pink tarantula or the bird eating tarantula. And, yes, this huge arachnid will prey on small birds and even snakes, although the majority of its diet is other insects and small mammals and reptiles. Like other tarantulas, the species does not spin webs. It is a hunting spider. It will lie still on the forest floor waiting for prey to pass by, and then it will strike quickly. It will hold its prey using its venom to partially digest it before actually eating the softened flesh.

When threatened it will rise up on its back legs and intimidate. Its bite while not usually deadly to humans, is quite painful. The hairs on its back have barbs which can be painful to potential predators especially near the eyes and mouth. It is large, considered either the second or third largest arachnid in the world. The name comes from the soft pink hairs found on its leg. The body itself is a dark color. Males are generally more reddish in color.

Because it breeds so well in captivity, this is a common pet. Females lay as many as 2,000 eggs which are cocooned in a silk sac. The female guards the sac for several weeks until the young are hatched.

The species has not be assessed by the IUCN. However, it is native to the Atlantic forest of Brazil. This forest is highly endangered and logged extensively. Many conservation groups are attempting to preserve this critical habitat and such efforts can only help this species.

Reeve's Muntjac

Species: Reeve's Muntjac
Habitat: Forests of China, Taiwan, SE Asia
Status: Least Concern
DAK Locale: The Oasis

This species of deer was named after John Reeves a member of the British East India tea company. It is sometimes also referred to as the Chinese muntjac. In fact, it is quite common there with an estimated 650,000 animals in that country alone. Other species of muntjac are not as lucky, with many endangered or even critically so. This species, however, is common place throughout its range.

Like its habitat in the Oasis, this species likes to live near water in forests. Its preference is to be in dense vegetation where it can use its small size to its advantage in escaping predators. They will also bark in the face of danger giving them the nickname the "barking deer."

Muntjacs are some of the smallest species of deer, with the Reeves' variety averaging a mere 16 inches in height. Its diet consists of fruit, leaves and tubers. Like all deer, their stomachs have four chambers to allow for the digestion of tough to digest leaves. It is mostly solitary although it is sometimes found in small groups.

It has glands just below the eyes that it uses to mark the borders of its territory. To that end, they are highly territorial. Females will give birth in the dense vegetation which acts as protection for the fawn. They are born with spots to aid in camouflage. Adults have a wide variety of colors from dark browns to nearly red or even yellowish. The antlers begin from just above the eyes with the sheaths clearly visible in that area of the face.

Tyrannosaurus Rex

Species: Tyrannosaurus Rex
Habitat: North American Forests
Status: Extinct
DAK Locale: Dinoland USA

The T-Rex was a large predatory dinosaur from the late Cretaceous period. In fact, it had a strong population throughout the North American continent as late as 65 million years ago. It was common at the time of the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction.

It was one of the largest meat eaters that ever lived. Its thick four foot long jaw was perfect for tearing into the large herbivore dinosaurs that roamed the forests at that time. It was also prefect for crushing bone. In fact, bones have been found in its fossilized feces. It also had serrated teeth that likely allowed it to grip and tear off flesh in large chunks.

At its maximum, it was about forty feet long and perhaps as tall as 20 feet. It was likely quite fast thanks to its powerful thighs. The short arms probably allowed to hold prey but did not allow it to reach its mouth. Its huge head required a large heavy tail to keep its balance.

Scientists continue to debate the role the animal played in the ecosystem. Some believe the T Rex was a powerful predator. Others believe it was likely a scavenger as its teeth allowed it to break and chew bones. Plus, it seems to have had a strong sense of smell, a common feature in carrion feeders. But that is not the only debate amongst scientists. Some believe that infants may have been covered in feathers like some other closely related dinosaurs at the time. Others also believe that it may have even had a warm blooded metabolism.

In 1990, a paleontologist found a nearly complete (85%) fossil of the dinosaur. That fossil now appears at the Field Museum in Chicago. However, parts of it were worked on and restored at Disney's Animal Kingdom. A replica of the complete fossil is on display near the entrance to the Dinosaur attraction.

Ankole

Species: Ankole
Habitat: Savanna
Status: Domestic
DAK Locale: Kilimanjaro Safari/Animal Kingdom Lodge

One of the few domestic animals in the Animal Kingdom is the Watsui cattle or Ankole. It is a breed of cattle native to the plains of Africa. It is very distinctive thanks to its huge set of horns. These horns can measure up to 8 feet across. They are used not only for defense but as a cooling mechanism as there are many blood vessels within them. Still, when watching them from you room at Kidani Village they are quite impressive.

Ankoles are well designed for their habitat. They can survive on poor quality forage. They also need small amounts of water. They live in herds for protection from the predators of the region like lions and hyenas. Females cows keep tabs on the calves while others eat. At night, they typically sleep huddled together.

It is unknown exactly when the breed was developed. However, they are clearly depicted in Egyptian hieroglyphics. They are even seen in ancient rock paintings found in the Sahara. Many tribes have relied on the breed over the centuries. However, it is probably most closely associated with the Tutsi of Rwanda. The animal was food, currency and even a status symbol within the tribe. The breed is known as the Cattle of Kings.

Temminck's Fruit Dove

Species: Temminck's Fruit Dove
Habitat: Mountain Forests
Status: Least Concern
DAK Locale: Maharajah Jungle Trek

This small bird is also called the pink-headed fruit dove, and for good reason. The male's head is a vibrant purple-pink outlined distinctly along the chest with black feathers. The female also has a pinkish hue on the head but not nearly as vibrant. As with so many other colorful birds, it is the male that is more distinctive in order to attract females.

These birds are found the mountain forests of Indonesia. Their range is restricted to Java, Bali and Sumatra. Despite its limited range, it not thought be endangered and is, in fact, listed as Least Concern. However, as its already limited habitat continues to be destroyed, the bird will likely face becoming a threatened species.

They do not build elaborate nests. Females lay only one or two eggs and incubation lasts about three weeks. Generally, they are seen individually or in pairs, however, small flocks have been noted. They feed on figs, berries and other small fruits from the canopy of the forest. Despite its colorful head feathers they are difficult to spot in the wild and are often difficult to study, as well.

Harris Hawk

Species: Harris Hawk
Habitat: Woodlands/Semi-Desert of SW America
Status: Least Concerned
DAK Locale: Flights of Wonder

The Harris Hawk, also called Harris's Hawk or the Dusky Hawk, is found in the American Southwest south to Chile and Argentina. It is at home in the semi-arid regions and sparse woodlands, although it can also be found in marshlands. They do not migrate. Males and females look essentially the same with dark brown plumage and chestnut shoulders. Females, however, are noticeably larger.

This raptor is notable for its hunting behavior. Unlike other birds of prey, they hunt in family packs. These groups can reach as many as six birds. In the desert, large prey like jackrabbits can take it brush. The birds will spread out in an attempt to flush it out, covering all escape routes. The prey is then shared. Harris hawks will also eat smaller mammals as well as reptiles and birds.

The hawk's habitat is shrinking but it has become somewhat common in developed areas. The bird is not currently endangered and is, in fact, very popular in the sport of falconry. It is considered a beginner bird as it is relatively cheap and easy to train. It is so common, in fact, that captive birds have escaped to create wild colonies in places such as Europe.

Hippopotamus

Species: Hippopotamus
Habitat: African rivers
Status: Vulnerable
DAK Locale: Kilimanjaro Safari & Pangani Forest

Hippopotamus is Greek for "river horse." As its name suggests, this animal spends a lot of time in the water. In fact, it is rare to see them out of the water at the Animal Kingdom. They tend to congregate in groups during the day, splitting up at night to eat. They follow trails to feeding grounds before heading back into the cool water before dawn. They secrete a red liquid from their pores that protects their skins from the sun, but they still tend to spend most of the daytime submerged. They are excellent swimmers and can remain underwater for five minutes. Their excrement is an important part aspect of aquatic plant life. However, their huge bulk can cause riverbank erosion leading some countries to begin culling programs.

Females become sexually mature around the age of 9, males at about 7. Females give birth to a single offspring (generally) and usually only become pregnant every other year. They are relatively long lived with hippos in captivity eclipsing 50 years of age. Hippos over 40, however, are somewhat rare in the wild.

As noted, hippos live in groups. Most being comprised of 10 to 15 animals of females and the young. However, there have been reports of herds in the range of 150 animals. Adult males tend to be solitary but that is not an absolute as small bachelor herds are known.

The hippo is listed as vulnerable. It has been hunted for meat, fat, hides and ivory teeth. In fact, the teeth's ivory does not yellow with age like an elephant's tusk making it more valuable on the black market. They also been hunted where they have damaged farmlands. Also, they are considered dangerous. It is believed that hippos may kill up to three thousand people a year. The species is wide ranging, however, being found in most areas of the continent.

Demoiselle Crane

Species: Demoiselle Crane
Habitat: Grasslands and wetlands
Status: Least Concern
DAK Locale: Tree of Life Gardens

The demoiselle crane is found throughout Eurasia. They are migratory. The birds that summer in central Europe will winter in Africa. The cranes that summer in Central Asia, China and Mongolia will spend the cooler months in India and Pakistan. In northern India and Pakistan, the bird is known as the koonj and is important in the culture as a symbol of beauty and grace. It is also a symbol of perilous journeys in art and literature. It figures prominently in the Hindu epic, Ramayana.

They are found in a wide variety of environments in Europe, Asia and Africa. Typically, they prefer to be close to streams and lakes but will be found in grasslands and even deserts. They do use vegetation, however, to protect their nests which are on the ground. Like most cranes, their call is a trumpet like sound. They also have an elaborate mating dance.

The bird is perhaps most famous for its migration. The birds of central Asia and China cross the Himalayan mountains during their route. This is done in groups of as many as 400 although many die from hunger and fatigue. Wintering, these birds gather in groups that number in the thousands. Within these huge groups, smaller flocks maintain themselves. In one village in India, these massive flocks have become a tourist attraction as villagers feed the birds attracting thousands to congregate in the town.

Bontebok

Species: Bontebok
Habitat: Coastal grasslands of Western Africa
Status: Extinct in the wild/ Near Threatened
DAK Locale: Kilimanjaro Safari

The bontebok is extinct in the wild. At one time, thousands roamed the plains of South Africa, but the animal was extensively over hunted. So much so, there were less than 20 left in the world. However, a park started by farmers, Bontebok National park, was established in South Africa to protect the species. The animal's continued existence now appears secure, but they are no longer found in the wild. They are restricted solely to parks, game reserves and even farms.

The bontebok feed on the short grasses found in the savanna. They will spend the morning and evening hours grazing. During the midday heat, the animals become less active facing the sun and bobbing their heads. Males guard territories fiercely from competitors. Females, however, form small groups with their young. Groups of young males also form as they look for their own territory and herds of females.

The bontebok's body is compact. The neck is short with a long narrow face with white fur. Both sexes have similar horns. Females tend to be slimmer but there is little else to show a difference in gender. Their coats are a deep red. Young are first tan before changing colors. Breeding season generally occurs between January and March. The lambs are then born in early Fall.

Abdim's Stork

Species: Abdim's Stork
Habitat: Plains of Central Africa
Status: Least Concern
DAK Locale: Dinoland USA

The Abdim's stork is also known as the white-bellied stork. It was actually named after a Turkish governor of northern Sudan. Overall, its mostly black with a grey bill. There is some coloration on their featherless faces. During breeding season, faces become a bright blue. It is the smallest of all storks.

Its diet is mostly insects although small amphibians, fish and mice are also eaten. They are found in central and eastern Africa from Ethiopia to South Africa. It is a migrant bird moving south in the summer. Generally, it is considered a sign of good luck. It is considered a harbinger of rain, a good sign in the drier climates of the continent. The species breeds in colonies occupying cliffs, trees and even the roofs of huts. Colonies don't generally exceed 20 breeding pairs.

It is of least concern, that is not threatened. In parts of its range, habitat degradation is a concern, as farm lands have taken over. Also, its main food source in some parts is locusts, which are the subject to wide ranging poisoning.

Cycads

Species: Cycads
Habitat: Everywhere but swamps
DAK Locale: Dinoland USA

Cycads are ancient plants. They lived side by side with the dinosaurs and are still thriving today. And since then, the have changed very little. Back during the age of the dinosaurs, cycads were found all over the world. However, as the ice age began to grip the planet, these once dominant species were restricted to the tropics. They persevered and now can again be found in virtually every habitat except swamps.

They are diverse. Some thrive in the blazing sun, while others grow in the near complete shade of a forest undergrowth. Some species are widespread, yet others are very limited in their range. Size also varies greatly amongst this family of plants.

All cycads, however, are gymnosperms. That translates to "naked seeds," which represents the fact they do not produce fruit or flowers to cover their seeds. Pine and cedar trees are common forms of gymnosperms but they are not cycads. Cycads at the Animal Kingdom are found in Dinoland USA. One great spot to see them is the Cretaceous Trail. Along this somewhat hidden corner of Dinoland are numerous examples of the cycads so take the time to check them out.

Cotton Top Tamarin

Species: Cotton Top Tamarin
Habitat: Tropical and Secondary forests of Colombia
Status: Critically Endangered
DAK Locale: Tree of Life

Around the Tree of Life and on the path to Rafiki's Planet Watch are exhibits of these small little animals from Colombia. It is one of the smallest primates in the world and one of the most endangered. To begin with, its range is limited to Northwestern Colombia and with habitat destruction it is now found in only 5% of its historic range. And it was used relentlessly in bio-medical research with tens of thousands being captured for that purpose. It is believed only 6,000 or so remain in the wild.

This animal is popular in zoos. Its is readily recognized for its tuft of white fur that starts on the top of its head and goes down its back. It is a diurnal animal, meaning it is mostly active during the day. Plus, it is quite social. In the wild, they form groups of up to a dozen, but only the dominant pair bears young, which is almost always twins. The dominant female releases pheromones that prevent other females from breeding. However, the group itself cooperates in almost all other aspects of life. In fact, this animal has been extensively studied for its seemingly altruistic behavior. Cotton tops also have a very sophisticated "language" which is acquired over time by the young.

These primates are omnivorous meaning they eat both plant and animals. In the case of animals, this limited mostly to insects but larger prey items have been recorded. However, it is a very important seed disperser in its native forests. A large portion of its diet is fruit. They ingest and void seeds at a higher rate than most of other fruit eaters, thereby helping the forest grow and thrive.

Roan Antelope

Species: Roan Antelope
Habitat: African savanna
Status: Least Concern
DAK Locale: Jambo House

The roan is a large savanna antelope found throughout virtually all of sub-Saharan Africa although more are found in the western and central portions of the continent. They are found in both woodland and grassland based savannas. It is found even in the forests. Typically, they eat mid length grasses.

They are named for their reddish brown color and are similar in appearance to the closely related sable antelope, which have a deeper red coloration. They have lighter tones on the belly with females being lighter. They have curved horns that are ringed with male horns being somewhat longer and they arch slightly backward.

The animal forms harems of one dominant male and several females with groups numbering 5 to 15 animals typically. The males commonly fight for dominance of the harems. These fights generally occur while both animals are on their knees. They do not have fixed territories but males attempt to keep other males away from the herd. When a calf is born, the mother will hide it in tall grass and stick close to the area.

Roans are not endangered although they are regionally extinct in portions of its historical range. This is due to both over hunting and deforestation. There are approximately 76,000 left in the wild.

Green Peafowl

Species: Green Peafowl
Habitat: Southeast Asian Rain forest
Status: Endangered
DAK Locale: Maharajah Jungle Trek

The green peafowl is different from its more commonly seen cousin, the Indian peafowl, in that both sexes are similar in appearance. They both have scaly green feathers with bluish sides. They are much more silent then the Indian version. They are large birds, one of the largest of their genus.

The bird is found throughout Southeast Asia. This includes both primary and secondary forests in both tropical and subtropical climate. They are also found in bamboo forests and scrub lands.

The peafowl nests on the ground generally with 3 to 6 eggs. They do not pair bond. Instead, males form territories and keep harems within it. In contrast, in captivity, the bird forms monogamous bonds. In any event, in the wild, family units roost in trees. The diet consists of fruits, seeds, small animals and invertebrates. They have been known to even hunt venomous snakes. Ticks, termites, berries and flowers seem to be the preferred food choice.

Due to hunting for its plumage and habitat destruction, the bird is considered endangered. Its is believed there are less than 10,000 in the wild. It is the national symbol of Myanmar and was often used symbolically by the kings of ancient Burma.